Most African cities have low NO2 levels relative to the US, Western Europe and East Asia.  Over the last decade, there was a mix of changes in NO2 levels over the continent.  The largest increase (75%) occurred over Luanda, Angola’s only major city, which has a metropolitan population of ~6.5 million.  The city’s increase in NO2 levels is consistent with the country’s strong population growth (~38% from 2005 to 2016) and economic development (i.e., 116% increase in GDP (constant 2005 US$) from 2005 to 2016), following the end of decades of civil war in 2002.  Cities with decreases were Trip